【feudalism】一、
Feudalism, often translated as "feudal system" or "feudalism," was a dominant economic and political structure in medieval Europe, particularly from the 9th to the 15th century. It was characterized by a hierarchical relationship between lords and vassals, with land being the central element of power and wealth. In this system, the king granted land (fiefs) to nobles, who in turn provided military service and loyalty. These nobles then granted smaller portions of land to knights or lesser lords, who offered similar services. At the bottom of the hierarchy were peasants or serfs, who worked the land but had limited freedom.
The feudal system was not uniform across all regions and evolved over time. It declined due to various factors such as the growth of trade, the rise of centralized monarchies, and the development of a money economy. Feudalism is often associated with the Middle Ages and is considered a key feature of European history during that period.
二、表格展示
| 项目 | 内容 |
| 定义 | Feudalism 是一种中世纪欧洲的经济和政治制度，以土地为核心，形成等级关系。 |
| 时间范围 | 大约从9世纪到15世纪，主要存在于中世纪欧洲。 |
| 核心要素 | 土地（fief）、领主（lord）、封臣（vassal）、骑士（knight）、农奴（serf）等。 |
| 结构特点 | 层级分明，国王→贵族→骑士→农民，土地是权力和财富的象征。 |
| 经济基础 | 自给自足的农业经济，依赖庄园制。 |
| 政治特征 | 封建契约关系，领主与封臣之间有相互义务。 |
| 社会影响 | 强化了阶级分化，限制了个人自由，但也提供了地方稳定。 |
| 衰落原因 | 商业发展、中央集权加强、货币经济兴起、黑死病等。 |
| 历史意义 | 构成了中世纪欧洲社会的基础，对后来的政治制度有深远影响。 |
| 文化关联 | 与骑士精神、城堡建筑、宗教势力密切相关。 |
三、结语
Feudalism 是欧洲历史上一个重要的社会形态，它不仅塑造了当时的政治和经济结构，也深刻影响了文化和思想的发展。虽然这一制度在近代逐渐被更现代的国家体系所取代，但其遗产依然可以在许多历史研究和文学作品中找到痕迹。理解 Feudalism 不仅有助于认识中世纪欧洲，也能帮助我们更好地理解现代社会的演变过程。
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